{"id":1182,"date":"2013-07-13T01:33:07","date_gmt":"2013-07-13T01:33:07","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/?p=1182"},"modified":"2013-07-13T01:33:07","modified_gmt":"2013-07-13T01:33:07","slug":"41-some-lines-of-fulfilment-vol-15-social-and-political-thought-volume-15","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/worksofthemotherandsriaurobindo.org\/index.php\/01-works-of-sri-aurobindo\/01-sabcl\/15-social-and-political-thought-volume-15\/41-some-lines-of-fulfilment-vol-15-social-and-political-thought-volume-15","title":{"rendered":"-41_Some Lines of Fulfilment.htm"},"content":{"rendered":"<table border=\"0\" width=\"100%\" cellpadding=\"6\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse\">\n<tr>\n<td>\n<div class=\"Section1\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style='margin:0;text-align:center;line-height:150%'>\n<span style='font-weight:700'><font size=\"3\"><br \/>\nCHAPTER<br \/>\nXV<\/font><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style='margin:0;text-align:center;line-height:150%'>\n<b><font size=\"4\"><br \/>\n<span>Some Lines of Fulfilment<\/span><\/font><\/b><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style='margin:0;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'>\n&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style='margin:0;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'>\n<span><font size=\"3\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br \/>\nW<\/font><\/span><font size=\"3\">HAT<\/font><br \/>\n<span><font size=\"3\">favoured form, force, system <\/font> <\/span><br \/>\n<span><font size=\"3\">among <\/font> <\/span><br \/>\n<font size=\"3\">the many<br \/>\nthat are possible now or likely to emerge hereafter will<\/font><span><font size=\"3\"> <\/font> <\/span><font size=\"3\">be entrusted by the secret Will in things with the<br \/>\nexternal unification of mankind, is an interesting and to those who can look<br \/>\nbeyond the narrow horizon of passing events, a fascinating subject of speculation;<br \/>\nbut unfortunately it can at present be no- thing more. The very multitude of<br \/>\nthe possibilities in a period of humanity so rife with the most varied and<br \/>\npotent forces, so fruitful of new subjective developments and objective<br \/>\nmutations creates an impenetrable mist in which only vague forms of giants can<br \/>\nbe half glimpsed. Certain ideas suggested by the present status of forces and<br \/>\nby past experience are all that we can permit ourselves in so hazardous a<br \/>\nfield.<br \/>\n<span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>We have ruled out of consideration<br \/>\nas a practical impossibility in the present international conditions and the<br \/>\npresent state of international mentality and morality the idea of an immediate<br \/>\nsettlement on the basis of an association of free nationalities, although this<br \/>\nwould be obviously the ideal basis. For it would take as its founding motive<br \/>\npower a harmony of the two great principles actually in presence, nationalism<br \/>\nand internationalism. Its adoption would mean that the problem of human unity<br \/>\nwould be approached at once on a rational and a sound moral basis, a<br \/>\nrecognition, on one side, of the right of all large natural groupings of men to<br \/>\nlive and to be themselves and the enthronement of respect for national liberty<br \/>\nas an established principle of human con- duct, on the other, an adequate sense<br \/>\nof the need for order, help, a mutual, a common participation, a common life<br \/>\nand interests in the unified and associated human race. The ideal society or<br \/>\nState is that in which respect for individual liberty and free growth of the<br \/>\npersonal being to his perfec60n is harmonised with respect for the needs,<br \/>\nefficiency, solidarity, natural growth and<\/font><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"center\" style='margin:0;text-align:center;line-height:150%'>\n<font size=\"3\"><span>Page-372<\/span><\/font><\/p>\n<div class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"center\" style='text-align:center'>\n<hr size=\"2\" width=\"100%\" align=\"center\">\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style='margin:0;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'>\n<font size=\"3\">organic<\/font><span><font size=\"3\"> <\/font> <\/span><font size=\"3\">perfection of the corporate being, the society or<br \/>\nnation. In an ideal aggregate of all humanity, in the international society or<br \/>\nState, national liberty and free national growth and self- realisation ought in<br \/>\nthe same way to be progressively harmonised with the solidarity and unified<br \/>\ngrowth and perfection of <\/font><span><font size=\"3\">the human race.<\/font><\/span><span><font size=\"3\">&nbsp;<\/font><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style='margin:0;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'>\n<span><span><br \/>\n<font size=\"3\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/>\n<\/font><br \/>\n<\/span><font size=\"3\">Therefore, if this basic principle were admitted, there might indeed be<br \/>\nfluctuations due to the difficulty of a perfect working combination, as in the<br \/>\ngrowth of the national aggregate there has been sometimes a stress on liberty<br \/>\nand at others a stress on efficiency and order; but since the right conditions<br \/>\nof the problem would have been recognised from the beginning and not left to be<br \/>\nworked out in a blind tug-of-war, there would be some chance of an earlier<br \/>\nreasonable solution with much less friction and violence in the process.<\/font><font size=\"3\">&nbsp;<\/font><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style='margin:0;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'>\n<span><span><br \/>\n<font size=\"3\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/font> <\/span><font size=\"3\">But<br \/>\nthere is little chance of such an unprecedented good fortune for mankind. Ideal<br \/>\nconditions cannot be expected, for they demand a psychological clarity, a<br \/>\ndiffused reasonableness and scientific intelligence and, above all, a moral<br \/>\nelevation and rectitude to which neither the mass of mankind nor its leaders<br \/>\nand rulers have yet made any approach. In their absence, not reason and justice<br \/>\nand mutual kindliness, but the trend of forces and their practical and legal<br \/>\nadjustment must determine the working out of this as of other problems. And just<br \/>\nas the problem of the State and the individual has been troubled and obscured<br \/>\nnot only by the conflict between individual egoism and the corporate egoism of<br \/>\nthe society, but by the continual clash between intermediate powers, class<br \/>\nstrife, quarrels of Church and State, king and nobles, king and commons,<br \/>\naristocracy and demos, capitalist bourgeoisie and labour proletariate, this<br \/>\nproblem too of nation and international humanity is certain to be troubled by<br \/>\nthe claims of just such intermediate powers. To say nothing of commercial<br \/>\ninterests and combinations, cultural or racial sympathies, movements of<br \/>\nPan-Islamism, Pan-Slavism, Pan-Germanism, Pan- Anglo-Saxonism, with a possible<br \/>\nPan-Americanism and Pan- Mongolianism looming up in the future, to say nothing of<br \/>\nyet other unborn monsters, there will always be the great intermediate factor<br \/>\nof Imperialism, that huge armed and dominant<\/font><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoBodyText\" style=\"margin:0;text-align: center;line-height:150%\">\n<span><br \/>\n<font size=\"3\">Page-373<\/font><\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"center\" style='text-align:center'>\n<hr size=\"2\" width=\"100%\" align=\"center\">\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style='margin:0;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'>\n<span><font size=\"3\">Titan, that must by its very nature demand its own<\/font><\/span><span><font size=\"3\"> satisfaction, <\/font> <\/span><br \/>\n<font size=\"3\">at the cost of every suppressed or inconvenient<br \/>\nnational unit and assert its own needs as prior to the need~ of the new-born<br \/>\ninter. national comity. That satisfaction, presumably, it must have for a time,<br \/>\nthat demand it will be for long impossible to resist. At any rate, to ignore<br \/>\nits claims or to imagine that they can be put aside with a spurt of the<br \/>\nwriter&#8217;s pen, is to build symmetrical castles on the golden sands of an<br \/>\nimpracticable idealism.<\/font><font size=\"3\">&nbsp;<\/font><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style='margin:0;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span><font size=\"3\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/font> <\/span><font size=\"3\">Forces take the first place in actual<br \/>\neffectuation; moral principles, reason, justice only so far as forces can be<br \/>\ncompelled or persuaded to admit them or, as more often happens, use them as<br \/>\nsubservient aids or inspiring battle cries, a camouflage for their own<br \/>\ninterests. Ideas sometimes leap out as armed forces and break their way through<br \/>\nthe hedge of unideal powers; sometimes they reverse the position and make<br \/>\ninterests their subordinate helpers, a fuel for their own blaze; sometimes they<br \/>\nconquer by martyrdom: but ordinarily they have to work not only by a half.<br \/>\ncovert pressure but by accommodation to powerful forces or must even bribe and<br \/>\ncajole them or work through and behind them. It cannot be otherwise until the<br \/>\naverage and the aggregate man become more of an intellectual, moral and<br \/>\nspiritual being and less predominantly the vital and emotional half-reasoning human<br \/>\nanimal. The unrealised international idea will have for some time at least to<br \/>\nwork by this secondary method and through such accommodations with the realised<br \/>\nforces of nationalism and imperialism.<\/font><font size=\"3\">&nbsp;<\/font><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style='margin:0;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span><font size=\"3\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/font> <\/span><font size=\"3\">It may be questioned whether by the time<br \/>\nthat things are ready for the elaboration of a firm and settled system, the<br \/>\nidea of a just internationalism based on respect for the principle of free<br \/>\nnationalities may not by the efforts of the world&#8217;s thinkers and intellectuals<br \/>\nhave made so much progress as to exercise an irresistible pressure on States<br \/>\nand Governments and bring about its own acceptation in large part, if not in<br \/>\nthe entirety of its claims. The answer is that States and Governments yield<br \/>\nusually to a moral pressure only so far as it does not compel them to sacrifice<br \/>\ntheir vital interests. No established empire will easily liberate its dependent<br \/>\nparts or allow, unless compelled, a nation now subject to it to sit at the<br \/>\nboard of an international council as its free&nbsp;<\/font><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"center\" style='margin:0;text-align:center;line-height:150%'>\n<font size=\"3\">Page-374<\/font><\/p>\n<div class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"center\" style='text-align:center'>\n<hr size=\"2\" width=\"100%\" align=\"center\">\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style='margin:0;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'>\n<font size=\"3\">equal.<br \/>\nThe old enthusiasm for liberty is an ideal which made <\/font><br \/>\n<span><font size=\"3\">France<\/font><\/span><span><font size=\"3\"> intervene to aid the<br \/>\nevolution of a free Italy or France and <\/font> <\/span><font size=\"3\">England<br \/>\nto create a new Greek nation. The national liberties for which respect was<br \/>\ndemanded during the war even at the point of the sword<\/font><span><font size=\"3\"> <\/font> <\/span><br \/>\n<span><font size=\"3\">&#8211; or, we should say now,<br \/>\neven with the voice <\/font> <\/span><font size=\"3\">of the cannon shell &#8211;<br \/>\nwere those already established and considered therefore to have the right still<br \/>\nto exist. All that was pro- posed beyond that limit was the restoration to<br \/>\nalready existing <\/font><span><font size=\"3\">free<\/font><\/span><span><font size=\"3\"> States of men of their own<br \/>\nnationality still under&#8217; a foreign <\/font> <\/span><font size=\"3\">yoke.<br \/>\nIt was proposed to realise a greater Serbia, a greater Rumania, the restoration<br \/>\nof &quot;unredeemed&quot; Italy, and the return of Alsace-Lorraine to France.<br \/>\nAutonomy under Russian sovereignty was all that was promised to Poland till the<br \/>\nGerman victory over Russia altered the interest and with it the idealism of the<br \/>\nAllies. Autonomy of a kind under an imperial sovereignty or where that does not<br \/>\nyet exist, under imperial &quot;protection&quot; or &quot;influence&quot; are by<br \/>\nmany considered as more practical ideas now than the restoration of national<br \/>\nfreedom. That is a sign perhaps of the obscure growth of the idea of federated<br \/>\nempires which we have discussed as one of the possibilities of the future.<br \/>\nNational liberty as an absolute ideal has no longer the old general acceptation<br \/>\nand creative force. Nations struggling for liberty have to depend on their own<br \/>\nstrength and enthusiasm; they can expect only a tepid or uncertain support<br \/>\nexcept from enthusiastic individuals or small groups whose aid is purely vocal<br \/>\nand ineffective. Many even of the most advanced intellectuals warmly approve of<br \/>\nthe idea of subordinate autonomy for nations now subject, but seem to look with<br \/>\nimpatience on their velleities of complete independence. Even so far has<br \/>\nimperialism travelled on its prosperous road and the imperial aggregate<br \/>\nimpressed its figure on the freest imaginations as an accomplished power in<br \/>\nhuman progress.<\/font><font size=\"3\">&nbsp;<\/font><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style='margin:0;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span><font size=\"3\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/font> <\/span><font size=\"3\">How much further may not this sentiment<br \/>\ntravel under the new impulse of humanity to organise its international<br \/>\nexistence on larger and more convenient lines! It is even possible that the<br \/>\nimpatience openly expressed by the German in his imperial days against the<br \/>\ncontinued existence of small nationalities opposing their settled barrier of<br \/>\nprescribed rights to large political and<\/font><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoBodyText3\" style=\"margin:0;line-height: 150%\">\n<span><br \/>\n<font size=\"3\">Page-375<\/font><\/span><span style='font-size:12.0pt'><\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"center\" style='text-align:center'>\n<hr size=\"2\" width=\"100%\" align=\"center\">\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style='margin:0;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'>\n<font size=\"3\">commercial<br \/>\ncombinations may, while softening its rigour, yet justify its claim in the<br \/>\nfuture, may be accepted by the general sense of humanity though in a less<br \/>\nbrutal, a less arrogant and aggressively egoistic form. That is to say, there<br \/>\nmay grow up a stronger tendency in the political reason of mankind to desire,<br \/>\nperhaps eventually to insist on the rearrangement of States in a system of<br \/>\nlarge imperial combines and not on the basis of a <i>status quo <\/i>of mixed empires<br \/>\nand free nationalities.<sup>1<\/sup> <\/font><br \/>\n<font size=\"3\">&nbsp;<\/font><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style='margin:0;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span><font size=\"3\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/font> <\/span><font size=\"3\">But even if this development does not<br \/>\ntake place or does not effect itself in time, the actually existing free and<br \/>\nnon-imperial States will find themselves included indeed in whatever<br \/>\ninternational council or other system may be established, but this inclusion is<br \/>\nlikely to be very much like the position of the small , nobles in mediaeval<br \/>\ntimes in relation to the great feudal princes,<span>\u00a0<br \/>\n<\/span>a position rather of vassals than of equals. The war brought into relief<br \/>\nthe fact that it is only the great Powers that really count in the<br \/>\ninternational scale; all others merely exist by sufferance or by protection or<br \/>\nby alliance. So long as the world was arranged on the principle of separate<br \/>\nnationalities, this might have been only a latent reality without actually<br \/>\nimportant effects on the life of the smaller nations, but this immunity might<br \/>\ncease when the necessity of combined action or a continual active interaction<br \/>\nbecame a recognised part or the foundation of the world-system. The position of<br \/>\na minor State standing out against the will of large Powers or a party of<br \/>\nPowers would be worse even than that of small neutrals in the present war or of<br \/>\na private company surrounded by great Trusts. It would be compelled to accept<br \/>\nthe lead of one group or another of the leviathans around it and its<br \/>\nindependent weight or action in the council of nations would be nil.<\/font><font size=\"3\">&nbsp;<\/font><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style='margin:0;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span><font size=\"3\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/font> <\/span><font size=\"3\">Undoubtedly, the right of small nations<br \/>\nto exist and assert their interests against imperialistic aggression is still a<br \/>\nforce; it was one at least of the issues in the international collision. But<br \/>\nthe assertion of this right against the aggression of a single ambitious Power<br \/>\nis one thing; its assertion as against any arrangement for the common interest<br \/>\nof the nations decided upon by a<\/font><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style='margin:0;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style='margin:0;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'>\n<sup>1<font size=\"2\">&nbsp; <\/font><\/sup><span><font size=\"2\">If the ambitions of Italy, Germany and Japan and the Fascist idea<br \/>\ngenerally had triumphed, such an order of things might have eventuated<\/font><\/span><font size=\"2\">.<\/font><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"center\" style='margin:0;text-align:center;line-height:150%'>\n<font size=\"3\">Page-376<\/font><\/p>\n<div class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"center\" style='text-align:center'>\n<hr size=\"2\" width=\"100%\" align=\"center\">\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style='margin:0;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'>\n<span><font size=\"3\">\u00a0<\/font><\/span><font size=\"3\">majority of the great Powers would very likely in the near<br \/>\nfuture be regarded in quite another light. The inconvenience of a number of<br \/>\nsmall neutrals claiming to stand out and be as little affected<\/font><span><font size=\"3\"> <\/font> <\/span><br \/>\n<span><font size=\"3\">as possible by an immense<br \/>\ninternational conflict was <\/font> <\/span><font size=\"3\">acutely felt<br \/>\nnot only by the actual combatants who were obliged to use sometimes an<br \/>\nindirect, sometimes a direct pressure to minimise the inconveniences, but by<br \/>\nthe smaller neutrals themselves to whom their neutrality was preferable only as<br \/>\na lesser evil than the burden and disaster of active participation in the struggle.<br \/>\nIn any international system, the self-assertion of these smaller liberties<br \/>\nwould probably be viewed as a petty egoism and &#8216;ff intolerable obstacle to<br \/>\ngreat common interests, or, it may be, to the decision of conflicts between<br \/>\ngreat world-wide interests. It is probable indeed that in any constitution of<br \/>\ninternational unity the great Powers would see to it that their voice was equal<br \/>\n<\/font><br \/>\n<span><font size=\"3\">\u00a0<\/font><\/span><span><font size=\"3\">to their force and influence; but even if the<br \/>\nconstitution were <\/font> <\/span><font size=\"3\">outwardly democratic,<br \/>\nyet, in effect, it would become an oligarchy of the great Powers. Constitutions<br \/>\ncan only disguise facts, they cannot abrogate them: for whatever ideas the form<br \/>\nof the constitution may embody, its working is always that of the actually<br \/>\nrealised forces which can use it with effect. Most governments either have now<br \/>\nor have passed through a democratic form, but nowhere yet has there been a real<br \/>\ndemocracy; it has been everywhere the propertied and professional classes and<br \/>\nthe bourgeoisie who governed in the name of the people. So too in any international<br \/>\nCouncilor control it would be a few great empires that would govern in the name<br \/>\nof humanity.<br \/>\n<span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>At the most, if it were otherwise,<br \/>\nit could be only for a short time, unless some new forces came into their own<br \/>\nwhich would arrest or dissolve the tendency now dominant in the world towards<br \/>\nlarge imperial aggregations. The position would then be for a time very much<br \/>\nlike that of feudal Europe while it was in abortive travail of a united<br \/>\nChristendom, &#8211; a great criss-cross of heterogeneous, complicated, overlapping<br \/>\nand mutually interpenetrating interests, a number of small Powers counting for<br \/>\nsomething, but overshadowed and partly coerced by a few great Powers, the great<br \/>\nPowers working out the inevitable complication of their allied, divided and contrary<br \/>\ninterests by whatever<\/font><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style='margin:0;text-align:center;line-height:150%'>\n<font size=\"3\">Page-377<\/font><\/p>\n<div class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"center\" style='text-align:center'>\n<hr size=\"2\" width=\"100%\" align=\"center\">\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style='margin:0;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'>\n<font size=\"3\">means<br \/>\nthe new world-system provided and using for that purpose whatever support of<br \/>\nclasses, ideas, tendencies, institutions they could find. There would be<br \/>\nquestions of Asiatic, African, American fiefs and markets, struggles <i>or <\/i>classes<br \/>\nstarting as national questions becoming international; Socialism, Anarchism and<br \/>\nthe remainder of the competitive age of humanity struggling together for<br \/>\npredominance; clashes of Europeanism, Asiaticism, Americanism. And from this<br \/>\ngreat tangle some result would have to be worked out. It might well be by<br \/>\nmethods very different from those with which history has made us so familiar;<br \/>\nwar might be eliminated or reduced to. a rare phenomenon of civil war in the<br \/>\ninternational commonwealth or confederacy; new forms of coercion, such as the<br \/>\ncommercial which we now see to be growing in frequency, might ordinarily take<br \/>\nits place; other devices might be brought into being of which we have at<br \/>\npresent no conception. But the situation would be essentially the same for<br \/>\nhumanity in general as has confronted lesser unformed aggregates in the past<br \/>\nand would have to progress to similar issues of success, modified realisation<br \/>\nor failure.<\/font><font size=\"3\">&nbsp;<\/font><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style='margin:0;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span><font size=\"3\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/font> <\/span><font size=\"3\">The most natural simplification of the<br \/>\nproblem, though not one that looks now possible, would be the division of the<br \/>\nworld into a few imperial aggregates consisting partly of federal, partly of<br \/>\nconfederate commonwealths or empires. Although unrealisable with the present<br \/>\nstrength of national egoisms, the growth of ideas and the force of changing<br \/>\ncircumstances might some day bring about such a creation and this might lead to<br \/>\na closer confederacy. America seems to be turning dimly towards a better<br \/>\nunderstanding between the increasingly cosmopolitan United States and the Latin<br \/>\nRepublics of Central and South America which may in certain contingencies<br \/>\nmaterialise itself into a confederate inter-American State. The idea of a<br \/>\nconfederate Teutonic empire, if Germany and Austria had not been entirely<br \/>\nbroken by the result of the war, might well have realised itself in the near<br \/>\nfuture; and even though they are now broken it might still realise itself in a<br \/>\nmore distant future<sup>1<\/sup> () Similar aggregates may emerge<br \/>\nin the Asiatic world. Such a distribution of<\/font><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style='margin:0;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style='margin:0;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'>\n<sup>1&nbsp; <\/sup><span><font size=\"2\">Unfortunately this result seems destined to disappear by the formidable<br \/>\nsurvival of a military Germany under the Fuhrer<\/font><\/span><font size=\"3\">.<\/font><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoBodyText\" style=\"margin:0;text-align: center;line-height:150%\">\n<font size=\"3\"><span>Page-378<\/span><\/font><\/p>\n<div class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"center\" style='text-align:center'>\n<hr size=\"2\" width=\"100%\" align=\"center\">\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style='margin:0;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'>\n<font size=\"3\">mankind<\/font><span><font size=\"3\"> <\/font> <\/span><br \/>\n<span><font size=\"3\">in large natural aggregates<br \/>\nwould have the advantage <\/font> <\/span><font size=\"3\">of simplifying a<br \/>\nnumber of difficult world-problems and with the growth of peace, mutual<br \/>\nunderstanding and larger ideas might lead to a comparatively painless final<br \/>\naggregation in a <\/font><span><font size=\"3\">World-State.<\/font><font size=\"3\">&nbsp;<\/font><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style='margin:0;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span><font size=\"3\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/font> <\/span><font size=\"3\">Another possible solution is suggested by<br \/>\nthe precedent of the evolution of the nation-type out of its first loose feudal<br \/>\nform. As there the continual clash of various forces and equipollent powers<br \/>\nnecessitated the emergence of one of them, at first only prominent among his<br \/>\nequals, the feudal king, into the type of a centralised monarchy, so<br \/>\nconceivably, if the empires and nations of the world failed to arrive at a<br \/>\npeaceful solution among them- selves, if the class troubles, the<br \/>\ninter-commercial troubles, the conflict of various new ideas and tendencies<br \/>\nresulted in a long confusion and turmoil and constant changing, there might<br \/>\nemerge a king-nation with the mission of evolving a real and settled out of a<br \/>\nsemi-chaotic or half order. We have concluded that the military conquest of the<br \/>\nworld by a single nation is not possible except under conditions which do not<br \/>\nnow exist and of which there is as yet no visible prospect.<\/font><span><font size=\"3\"> <\/font> <\/span><br \/>\n<span><font size=\"3\">.<\/font><\/span><span><font size=\"3\"> <\/font> <\/span><font size=\"3\">But an imperial nation,<br \/>\n<\/font><span><font size=\"3\">such as England for example, spread over all<br \/>\nthe world, possessing the empire of the seas, knowing how to federate<br \/>\nsuccessfully its constituent parts and organise their entire potential<br \/>\nstrength, having the skill to make itself the representative and protector of<br \/>\nthe most progressive and liberal tendencies of the new times, allying itself<br \/>\nwith other forces and nations interested in their triumph and showing that it<br \/>\nhad the secret of a just and effective international organisation, might<br \/>\nconceivably become the arbiter of the nations and the effective centre of an<br \/>\ninternational government. Such a possibility in any form is as yet entirely<br \/>\nremote, but it could become under new circumstances a realisable possibility of<br \/>\nthe future.<\/font><font size=\"3\">&nbsp;<\/font><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style='margin:0;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'>\n<span><span><br \/>\n<font size=\"3\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/>\n<\/font><br \/>\n<\/span><font size=\"3\">Conceivably, if the task of organising the world proved too difficult,<br \/>\nif no lasting agreement could be arrived at or no firmly constituted legal<br \/>\nauthority erected, the task might be undertaken not by a single predominant<br \/>\nempire, but by two or three great imperial Powers sufficiently near in interest<br \/>\nand united in idea to sink possible differences and jealousies and strong<br \/>\nenough to<\/font><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"center\" style='margin:0;text-align:center;line-height:150%'>\n<font size=\"3\"><span>Page-379<\/span><\/font><\/p>\n<div class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"center\" style='text-align:center'>\n<hr size=\"2\" width=\"100%\" align=\"center\">\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style='margin:0;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'>\n<span><font size=\"3\">dominate or crush all resistance and enforce some<br \/>\nsort of<\/font><\/span><span><font size=\"3\"><br \/>\n<\/font> <\/span><font size=\"3\">effective international law and government<sup>1<\/sup> The process<br \/>\nwould then be a sufficiently painful one and might involve much brutality of<br \/>\nmoral and economic coercion, but if it commanded the prestige of success and<br \/>\nevolved some tolerable form of legality and justice or even only of prosperous<br \/>\norder, it might in the end conciliate a general moral support and prove. a<br \/>\nstarting-point for freer and better forms.<\/font><font size=\"3\">&nbsp;<\/font><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style='margin:0;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span><font size=\"3\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/font> <\/span><font size=\"3\">Yet another possibility that cannot be<br \/>\nignored is that the merely inter-governmental and political evolution which<br \/>\nalone we have considered, may be broken in upon by the long-threatened war of<br \/>\nclasses. Labour internationalism broke down, like every other form of<br \/>\ninternationalism &#8211; scientific, cultural, pacific, religious<\/font><span><font size=\"3\"> <\/font> <\/span><br \/>\n<span><font size=\"3\">&#8211;<\/font><\/span><span><font size=\"3\"> <\/font> <\/span><br \/>\n<span><font size=\"3\">under the fierce test of war<br \/>\nand during the great <\/font> <\/span><font size=\"3\">crisis the struggle<br \/>\nbetween Labour and Capital was suspended. It was then hoped that after the war<br \/>\nthe spirit of unity, conciliation and compromise would continue to reign and<br \/>\nthe threatened conflict would be averted. Nothing in human nature or in history<br \/>\nwarranted any such confident trust in the hopes of the moment. The interclass<br \/>\nconflict has long been threatening like the European collision. The advent of<br \/>\nthe latter was preceded by large hopes of world-peace and attempts at a<br \/>\nEuropean concert and treaties of arbitration which would render war finally<br \/>\nimpossible. The hope of a concert between Labour and Capital idyllically<br \/>\nsettling all their acute causes of conflict in amoebaean stanzas of melodious<br \/>\ncompromise for the sake of the higher national interests is likely to be as<br \/>\ntreacherous and delusive. Even the socialisation of governments and the<br \/>\nincreasing nationalisation of industry will not remove the root cause of<br \/>\nconflict. For there will still remain the crucial question of the form and<br \/>\nconditions of the new State socialism, whether it shall be regulated in the<br \/>\ninterests of Labour or of the capitalistic State and whether its direction<br \/>\nshall be democratic by the workers them- selves or oligarchic or bureaucratic<br \/>\nby the present directing classes. This question may well lead to struggles which<br \/>\nmay easily<\/font><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style='margin:0;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style='margin:0;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'>\n<sup>1 <\/sup><span><font size=\"2\">If, for instance, a struggle<br \/>\ncame to a head between the democratic and the totalitarian Powers, the combined force of<br \/>\na victorious Britain, France and America or in the contrary event, of the<br \/>\nFascist Powers, might impose an initial order in the world<\/font><\/span><font size=\"2\">.<\/font><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"center\" style='margin:0;text-align:center;line-height:150%'>\n<font size=\"3\">Page-380<\/font><\/p>\n<div class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"center\" style='text-align:center'>\n<hr size=\"2\" width=\"100%\" align=\"center\">\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style='margin:0;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'>\n<span><span><br \/>\n<font size=\"3\">\u00a0<\/font><\/span><font size=\"3\">grow<\/font><\/span><span><font size=\"3\"> into an international or at<br \/>\nleast an inter-European conflict; it might even rend each nation in two instead<br \/>\nof uniting it as in the war crisis. And the results of such a struggle may have<br \/>\nan incalculable effect, either in changing the ideas and life of men <\/font> <\/span><br \/>\n<font size=\"3\">dynamically in new directions or in breaking down the<br \/>\nbarriers of existing nations and empires.<sup>1<\/sup> <\/font><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style='margin:0;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'>\n&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style='margin:0;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'>\n<sup>1 <\/sup><span><font size=\"2\">This hypothetic forecast was fully justified &#8211; and<br \/>\ntended to become more and more so &#8211; by the post-war development of national and<br \/>\ninternational life. The inhuman butchery in Spain, the development of two<br \/>\nopposite types of Socialism in Russia, Italy and Germany, the uneasy political<br \/>\nsituation in France were examples of the fulfilment of these tendencies. But<br \/>\nthis tendency has reached its acme in the emergence of Communism and it now<br \/>\nseems probable that the future will belong to a struggle between Communism and a<br \/>\nsurviving capitalistic Industrialism in the New World or even between Communism<br \/>\nand a more moderate system of social democracy in the two continents of the Old<br \/>\nWorld. But generally speaking, speculations noted down in this chapter at a time<br \/>\nwhen the possibilities of the future were very different from what they are now<br \/>\nand all was in a flux and welter of dubious confusion, are out of date since an<br \/>\neven more stupendous conflict has intervened and swept the previous existing<br \/>\nconditions out of existence. Nevertheless, some of them still survive and<br \/>\nthreaten the safe evolution of the new tentative world-order or, indeed, any<br \/>\nfuture world-order.<\/font><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"center\" style='margin:0;text-align:center;line-height:150%'>\n<font size=\"3\"><span>Page-381<\/span><\/font><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>CHAPTER XV Some Lines of Fulfilment &nbsp; \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; WHAT favoured form, force, system among the many that are possible now or likely to emerge hereafter&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[25],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1182","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-15-social-and-political-thought-volume-15","wpcat-25-id"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/worksofthemotherandsriaurobindo.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1182","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/worksofthemotherandsriaurobindo.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/worksofthemotherandsriaurobindo.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/worksofthemotherandsriaurobindo.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/worksofthemotherandsriaurobindo.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1182"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/worksofthemotherandsriaurobindo.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1182\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/worksofthemotherandsriaurobindo.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1182"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/worksofthemotherandsriaurobindo.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1182"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/worksofthemotherandsriaurobindo.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1182"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}