South Indian Vaishnava Poetry

Andal

The Vaishnava Poetess

PREOCCUPIED from the earliest times with divine knowledge and religious aspiration the Indian mind has turned all forms of human life and emotion and all the phenomena of the universe into symbols and means by which the embodied soul may strive after and grasp the Supreme Indian devotion has especially seized upon the most intimate human relations and made them stepping-stones to the supra-human God the Guru, God the Master, God the Friend, God the Mother, God the Child, God the Self, each of these experiences —for to us they are more than merely ideas, —it has carried to its extreme possibilities But none of them has it pursued, embraced, sung with a more exultant passion of intimate realisation than the yearning for God the Lover, God the Beloved It would seem as if this passionate human symbol were the natural culminating-point for the mounting flame of the soul's devotion: for it is found wherever that devotion has entered into the most secret shrine of the inner temple We meet it in Islamic poetry; certain experiences of the Christian mystics repeat the forms and images with which we are familiar in the East, but usually with a certain timorousness foreign to the Eastern temperament For the devotee who has once had this intense experience it is that which admits to the most profound and hidden mystery of the universe; for him the heart has the key of the last secret.

The work of a great Bengali poet has recently reintroduced this idea to the European mind, which has so much lost the memory of its old religious traditions as to welcome and wonder at it as a novel form of mystic self-expression On the contrary it is ancient enough, like all things natural and eternal in the human soul In Bengal a whole period of national poetry has  

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been dominated by this single strain and it has inspired a religion and a philosophy And in the Vaishnavism of the far South, in the songs of the Tamil Alwars we find it again in another form, giving a powerful and original turn to the images of our old classic poetry; for there it has been sung out by the rapt heart of a woman to the Heart of the Universe.

The Tamil word, Alwar, means one who has drowned, lost himself in the sea of the divine being Among these canonised saints of Southern Vaishnavism ranks Vishnuchitta, Yogin and poet, of Villipattan in the land of the Pandyas He is termed Perialwar, the great Alwar A tradition, which we need not believe, places him in the ninety-eighth year of the Kaliyuga But these divine singers are ancient enough, since they precede the great saint and philosopher Ramanuja whose personality and teaching were the last flower of the long-growing Vaishnava tradition Since his time Southern Vaishnavism has been a fixed creed and a system rather than a creator of new spiritual greatnesses.

The poetess Andal was the foster-daughter of Vishnuchitta, found by him, it is said, a new-born child under the sacred tulsi-plant We know little of Andal except what we can gather from a few legends, some of them richly beautiful and symbolic Most of Vishnuchitta's poems have the infancy and boyhood of Krishna for their subject Andal, brought up in that atmosphere, cast into the mould of her life what her foster-father had sung in inspired hymns Her own poetry —we may suppose that she passed early into the Light towards which she yearned, for it is small in bulk, —is entirely occupied with her passion for the divine Being It is said that she went through a symbolic marriage with Sri Ranganatha, Vishnu in his temple at Srirangam, and disappeared into the image of her Lord This tradition probably conceals some actual fact, for Andal's marriage with the Lord is still celebrated annually with considerable pomp and ceremony.

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