Bande Mataram
CONTENTS
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Part One Writings and a Resolution 1890 1906 |
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India and the British Parliament
The Proposed Reconstruction of Bengal On the Bengali and the Mahratta Resolution at a Swadeshi Meeting |
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Part Two Bande Mataram under the Editorship of Bipin Chandra Pal 6 August 15 October 1906 |
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Darkness in Light 20.8.06 Our Rip Van Winkles 20.8.06 Indians Abroad 20.8.06 Officials on the Fall of Fuller 20.8.06 Cow Killing: An Englishman's Amusements in Jalpaiguri 20.8.06 |
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Schools for Slaves 27.8.06 By the Way 27.8.06 |
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The Mirror and Mr. Tilak 28.8.06 Leaders in Council 28.8.06 |
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Loyalty and Disloyalty in East Bengal 30.8.06 By the Way 30.8.06 |
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Lessons at Jamalpur 1.9.06 By the Way 1.9.06 |
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By the Way 3.9.06 |
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Partition and Petition 4.9.06 English Enterprise and Swadeshi 4.9.06 Sir Frederick Lely on Sir Bampfylde Fuller 4.9.06 Jamalpur 4.9.06 By the Way 4.9.06 |
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The Times on Congress Reforms 8.9.06 By the Way 8.9.06 |
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The Pro-Petition Plot 10.9.06 Socialist and Imperialist 10.9.06 The Sanjibani on Mr. Tilak 10.9.06 Secret Tactics 10.9.06 By the Way 10.9.06 |
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A Savage Sentence 11.9.06 The Question of the Hour 11.9.06 A Criticism 11.9.06 By the Way 11.9.06 |
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The Old Policy and the New 12.9.06 Is a Conflict Necessary? 12.9.06 The Charge of Vilification 12.9.06 Autocratic Trickery 12.9.06 By the Way 12.9.06 |
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Strange Speculations 13.9.06 The Statesman under Inspiration 13.9.06 |
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A Disingenuous Defence 14.9.06 |
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Last Friday's Folly 17.9.06 Stop-gap Won't Do 17.9.06 By the Way 17.9.06 |
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Is Mendicancy Successful? 18.9.06 By the Way 18.9.06 |
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By the Way 20.9.06 |
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By the Way 1.10.06 |
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By the Way 11.10.06 |
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Part Three Bande Mataram under the Editorship of Sri Aurobindo 24 October 1906 27 May 1907 |
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The Famine near Calcutta 29.10.06 Statesman's Sympathy Brand 29.10.06 By the Way. News from Nowhere 29.10.06 |
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The Statesman's Voice of Warning 30.10.06 Sir Andrew Fraser 30.10.06 By the Way. Necessity Is the Mother of Invention 30.10.06 |
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Articles Published in the Bande Mataram in November and December 1906 |
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The Man of the Past and the Man of the Future 26.12.06 |
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The Results of the Congress 31.12.06 |
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Yet There Is Method in It 25.2.07 |
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Mr. Gokhale's Disloyalty 28.2.07 |
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The Comilla Incident 15.3.07 |
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British Protection or Self-Protection 18.3.07 |
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The Berhampur Conference 29.3.07 |
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The President of the Berhampur Conference 2.4.07 |
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Peace and the Autocrats 3.4.07 |
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Many Delusions 5.4.07 By the Way. Reflections of Srinath Paul, Rai Bahadoor, on the Present Discontents 5.4.07 |
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Omissions and Commissions at Berhampur 6.4.07 |
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The Writing on the Wall 8.4.07 |
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A Nil-admirari Admirer 9.4.07 |
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Pherozshahi at Surat 10.4.07 A Last Word 10.4.07 |
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The Situation in East Bengal 11.4.07 |
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The Doctrine of Passive Resistance 11 23.4.07 I. Introduction II. Its Object III. Its Necessity IV. Its Methods VI. Its Limits VII. Conclusions |
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The Proverbial Offspring 12.4.07 By the Way 12.4.07 |
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By the Way 13.4.07 |
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The Old Year 16.4.07 Rishi Bankim Chandra 16.4.07 |
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A Vilifier on Vilification 17.4.07 By the Way. A Mouse in a Flutter 17.4.07 |
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Simple, Not Rigorous 18.4.07 British Interests and British Conscience 18.4.07 A Recommendation 18.4.07 |
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An Ineffectual Sedition Clause 19.4.07 The Englishman as a Statesman 19.4.07 |
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The Gospel according to Surendranath 22.4.07 |
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A Man of Second Sight 23.4.07 Passive Resistance in the Punjab 23.4.07 |
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By the Way 24.4.07 |
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Bureaucracy at Jamalpur 25.4.07 Anglo-Indian Blunderers 25.4.07 The Leverage of Faith 25.4.07 |
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Graduated Boycott 26.4.07 Instinctive Loyalty 26.4.07 Nationalism, Not Extremism 26.4.07 |
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hall India Be Free? The Loyalist Gospel 27.4.07 The Mask Is Off 27.4.07 |
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Shall India Be Free? National Development and Foreign Rule 29.4.07 |
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Shall India Be Free? 30.4.07 |
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Moonshine for Bombay Consumption 1.5.07 The Reformer on Moderation 1.5.07 |
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Shall India Be Free? Unity and British Rule 2.5.07 |
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Extremism in the Bengalee 3.5.07 Hare or Another 3.5.07 |
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Look on This Picture, Then on That 6.5.07 |
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Curzonism for the University 8.5.07 Incompetence or Connivance 8.5.07 Soldiers and Assaults 8.5.07 |
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By the Way 9.5.07 |
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Lala Lajpat Rai Deported 10.5.07 |
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The Crisis 11.5.07 Lala Lajpat Rai 11.5.07 |
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Government by Panic 13.5.07 In Praise of the Government 13.5.07 |
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The Bagbazar Meeting 14.5.07 A Treacherous Stab 14.5.07 |
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How to Meet the Ordinance 15.5.07 |
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Mr. Morley's Pronouncement 16.5.07 The Bengalee on the Risley Circular 16.5.07 What Does Mr. Hare Mean? 16.5.07 Not to the Andamans! 16.5.07 |
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The Statesman Unmasks 17.5.07 Sui Generis 17.5.07 |
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The Statesman on Mr. Mudholkar 20.5.07 |
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The Government Plan of Campaign 22.5.07 The Nawab's Message 22.5.07 |
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And Still It Moves 23.5.07 British Generosity 23.5.07 |
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An Irish Example 24.5.07 |
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The East Bengal Disturbances 25.5.07 Newmania 25.5.07 |
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The Gilded Sham Again 27.5.07 National Volunteers 27.5.07 |
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Part Four Bande Mataram under the Editorship of Sri Aurobindo 28 May 22 December 1907 |
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The True Meaning of the Risley Circular 28.5.07 Cool Courage and Not Blood-and-Thunder Speeches 28.5.07 |
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The Effect of Petitionary Politics 29.5.07 The Sobhabazar Shaktipuja 29.5.07 |
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The Ordinance and After 30.5.07 A Lost Opportunity 30.5.07 The Daily News and Its Needs 30.5.07 Common Sense in an Unexpected Quarter 30.5.07 Drifting Away 30.5.07 |
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The Question of the Hour 1.6.07 |
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Regulated Independence 4.6.07 A Consistent Patriot 4.6.07 Holding on to a Titbit 4.6.07 |
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Wanted, a Policy 5.6.07 Preparing the Explosion 5.6.07 |
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A Statement 6.6.07 Law and Order 6.6.07 |
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Defying the Circular 7.6.07 By the Way. When Shall We Three Meet Again? 7.6.07 |
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The Strength of the Idea 8.6.07 Comic Opera Reforms 8.6.07 Paradoxical Advice 8.6.07 |
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An Out-of-Date Reformer 12.6.07 |
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The Sphinx 14.6.07 |
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Slow but Sure 17.6.07 |
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The Rawalpindi Sufferers 18.6.07 Look on This Picture and Then on That 18.6.07 |
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The Main Feeder of Patriotism 19.6.07 |
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Concerted Action 20.6.07 The Bengal Government's Letter 20.6.07 |
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British Justice 21.6.07 The Moral of the Coconada Strike 21.6.07 The Statesman on Shooting 21.6.07 |
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Mr. A. Chaudhuri's Policy 22.6.07 A Current Dodge 22.6.07 |
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More about British Justice 24.6.07 |
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Morleyism Analysed 25.6.07 Political or Non-Political 25.6.07 Hare Street Logic 25.6.07 The Tanjore Students' Resolution 26.6.07 |
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The Statesman on Mr. Chaudhuri 26.6.07 |
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"Legitimate Patriotism" 27.6.07 Khulna Oppressions 27.6.07 |
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The Secret Springs of Morleyism 28.6.07 A Danger to the State 28.6.07 The New Thought. Personal Rule and Freedom of Speech and Writing 28.6.07 |
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The Secret of the Swaraj Movement 29.6.07 Passive Resistance in France 29.6.07 By the Way 29.6.07 |
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Stand Fast 1.7.07 |
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The Acclamation of the House 2.7.07 Perishing Prestige 2.7.07 A Congress Committee Mystery 2.7.07 |
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Europe and Asia 3.7.07 |
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Press Prosecutions 4.7.07 |
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Try Again 5.7.07 |
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A Curious Procedure 9.7.07 Association and Dissociation 9.7.07 |
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Industrial India 11.7.07 |
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From Phantom to Reality 13.7.07 Audi Alteram Partem 13.7.07 Swadeshi in Education 13.7.07 |
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Boycott and After 15.7.07 |
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In Honour of Hyde and Humphreys 16.7.07 |
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Angelic Murmurs 18.7.07 |
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A Plague o' Both Your Houses 19.7.07 |
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The Khulna Comedy 20.7.07 A Noble Example 20.7.07 |
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The Korean Crisis 22.7.07 |
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One More for the Altar 25.7.07 |
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Srijut Bhupendranath 26.7.07 |
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The Issue 29.7.07 |
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District Conference at Hughly 30.7.07 Bureaucratic Alarms 30.7.07 |
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The 7th of August 6.8.07 The Indian Patriot on Ourselves 6.8.07 |
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Our Rulers and Boycott 7.8.07 Tonight's Illumination 7.8.07 Our First Anniversary 7.8.07 |
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To Organise 10.8.07 Statutory Distinction 10.8.07 |
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Marionettes and Others 12.8.07 A Compliment and Some Misconceptions 12.8.07 Pal on the Brain 12.8.07 |
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Phrases by Fraser 13.8.07 |
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To Organise Boycott 17.8.07 The Foundations of Nationality 17.8.07 |
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Barbarities at Rawalpindi 20.8.07 The High Court Miracles 20.8.07 The Times Romancist 20.8.07 |
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A Malicious Persistence 21.8.07 |
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In Melancholy Vein 23.8.07 Advice to National College Students [Speech] 23.8.07 |
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Sankaritola's Apologia 24.8.07 |
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Our False Friends 26.8.07 |
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Repression and Unity 27.8.07 |
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The Three Unities of Sankaritola 31.8.07 |
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Eastern Renascence 3.9.07 |
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The Martyrdom of Bipin Chandra 12.9.07 |
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Sacrifice and Redemption 14.9.07 |
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The Un-Hindu Spirit of Caste Rigidity 20.9.07 |
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Caste and Democracy 21.9.07 |
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Bande Mataram Prosecution 25.9.07 Pioneer or Hindu Patriot? 25.9.07 |
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The Chowringhee Pecksniff and Ourselves 26.9.07 |
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The Statesman in Retreat 28.9.07 The Khulna Appeal 28.9.07 |
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A Culpable Inaccuracy 4.10.07 |
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Novel Ways to Peace 5.10.07 "Armenian Horrors" 5.10.07 |
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The Vanity of Reaction 7.10.07 The Price of a Friend 7.10.07 A New Literary Departure 7.10.07 |
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Protected Hooliganism -A Parallel 8.10.07 Mr. Keir Hardie and India 8.10.07 |
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The Shadow of the Ordinance in Calcutta 11.10.07 |
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The Nagpur Affair and True Unity 23.10.07 |
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The Nagpur Imbroglio 29.10.07 |
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English Democracy Shown Up 31.10.07 |
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Difficulties at Nagpur 4.11.07 |
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Mr. Tilak and the Presidentship 5.11.07 |
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Nagpur and Loyalist Methods 16.11.07 The Life of Nationalism 16.11.07 |
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By the Way. In Praise of Honest John 18.11.07 |
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Bureaucratic Policy 19.11.07 |
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About Unity 2.12.07 |
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Personality or Principle? 3.12.07 |
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More about Unity 4.12.07 |
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By the Way 5.12.07 |
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Caste and Representation 6.12.07 |
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About Unmistakable Terms 12.12.07 |
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The Surat Congress 13.12.07 Misrepresentations about Midnapore 13.12.07 |
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Reasons of Secession 14.12.07 |
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The Awakening of Gujarat 17.12.07 |
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"Capturing the Congress" 18.12.07 Lala Lajpat Rai's Refusal 18.12.07 The Delegates' Fund 18.12.07 |
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Part Five Speeches 22 December 1907 1 February 1908 |
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Speeches 13-1-08 |
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Speeches 15-1-08 |
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Speeches 19-1-08 |
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Speeches 24-1-08 |
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Speeches 26-1-08 |
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Speeches 29-1-08 |
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Speeches 30-1-08 |
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Speeches 31-1-08 |
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Speeches 1-2-08 |
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Part Six Bande Mataram under the Editorship of Sri Aurobindo with Speeches Delivered during the Same Period 6 February 3 May 1908 |
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Revolutions and Leadership 6.2.08 |
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Speeches 12-13-2-08 |
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waraj 18.2.08 |
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The Future of the Movement 19.2.08 |
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Work and Ideal 20.2.08 By the Way 20.2.08 |
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The Latest Sedition Trial 21.2.08 Boycott and British Capital 21.2.08 Unofficial Commissions 21.2.08 The Soul and India's Mission 21.2.08 |
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The Glory of God in Man 22.2.08 |
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A National University 24.2.08 |
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Mustafa Kamal Pasha 3.3.08 |
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A Great Opportunity 4.3.08 |
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Swaraj and the Coming Anarchy 5.3.08 |
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The Village and the Nation 7.3.08 |
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Welcome to the Prophet of Nationalism 10.3.08 |
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The Voice of the Martyrs 11.3.08 Constitution-making 11.3.08 What Committee? 11.3.08 An Opportunity Lost 11.3.08 A Victim of Bureaucracy 11.3.08 |
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A Great Message 12.3.08 |
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The Tuticorin Victory 13.3.08 |
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Perpetuate the Split! 14.3.08 Loyalty to Order 14.3.08 |
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Asiatic Democracy 16.3.08 Charter or No Charter 16.3.08 |
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The Warning from Madras 17.3.08 |
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The Need of the Moment 19.3.08 |
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Unity by Co-operation 20.3.08 The Early Indian Polity 20.3.08 |
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The Fund for Sj. Pal 21.3.08 |
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The Weapon of Secession 23.3.08 Sleeping Sirkar and Waking People 23.3.08 Anti-Swadeshi in Madras 23.3.08 |
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Exclusion or Unity? 24.3.08 How the Riot Was Made 24.3.08 |
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Oligarchy or Democracy? 25.3.08 |
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Freedom of Speech 26.3.08 |
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Tomorrow's Meeting 27.3.08 Well Done, Chidambaram! 27.3.08 The Anti-Swadeshi Campaign 27.3.08 |
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Spirituality and Nationalism 28.3.08 |
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The Struggle in Madras 30.3.08 A Misunderstanding 30.3.08 |
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The Next Step 31.3.08 |
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India and the Mongolian 1.4.08 Religion and the Bureaucracy 1.4.08 The Milk of Putana 1.4.08 |
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Swadeshi Cases and Counsel 2.4.08 |
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The Question of the President 3.4.08 The Utility of Ideals 3.4.08 Speech at Panti's Math 3.4.08 |
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Convention and Conference 4.4.08 By the Way 4.4.08 |
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The Constitution of the Subjects Committee 6.4.08 |
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The New Ideal 7.4.08 |
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The Asiatic Role 9.4.08 Love Me or Die 9.4.08 |
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The Work Before Us 10.4.08 Campbell-Bannerman Retires 10.4.08 |
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Speech 10-4-08 |
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The Demand of the Mother 11.4.08 |
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Speech 12-4-08 |
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Peace and Exclusion 13.4.08 |
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Indian Resurgence and Europe 14.4.08 Om Shantih 14.4.08 |
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Conventionalist and Nationalist 18.4.08 |
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Speech 20-4-08 |
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The Future and the Nationalists 22.4.08 |
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The Wheat and the Chaff 23.4.08 |
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Party and the Country 24.4.08 The Bengalee Facing Both Ways 24.4.08 |
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The One Thing Needful 25.4.08 |
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New Conditions 29.4.08 Whom to Believe? 29.4.08 By the Way. The Parable of Sati 29.4.08 |
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Leaders and a Conscience 30.4.08 An Ostrich in Colootola 30.4.08 By the Way 30.4.08 |
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Nationalist Differences 2.5.08 Ideals Face to Face 2.5.08 |
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Part Seven Writings from Manuscripts 1907 1908 |
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Appendixes |
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Incomplete Drafts of Three Articles Draft of the Conclusion of "Nagpur and Loyalist Methods" Draft of the Opening of "In Praise of Honest John" Incomplete Draft of an Unpublished Article |
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Writings and Jottings Connected with the Bande Mataram 1906 1908 "Bande Mataram" Printers & Publishers, Limited. Draft of a Prospectus of 1907 Notes and Memos |
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Nationalist Party Documents |
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A Birthday Interview |
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Appendixes
These appendixes comprise materials written by Sri Aurobindo, mostly by hand, between 1906 and 1908. The first one contains incomplete drafts of three articles, two of which were later published in the Bande Mataram . The second one contains writings and jottings related to the organisation and running of the newspaper, the third, organisational material for a proposed independent Nationalist Party, and the fourth, an interview of 1908.
APPENDIX ONE
Incomplete Drafts of Three Articles
Draft of the Conclusion of "Nagpur and Loyalist Methods" (see pages 742 43)
[.....] whether they will or will not recognize this unconstitutional decision to transfer the place of session arrived at on an unofficial representation and while there were still citizens of Nagpur[,] members of the Reception Committee willing & able to carry out the resolution of the Calcutta Congress to hold the next session at Nagpur. If we do not, we have two courses open to us, either to separate from the dictator-ridden Congress altogether and hold a Nationalist Conference at Nagpur or to leave the Loyalists to a purely Moderate Congress at Surat and according as they act, decide our future course. In any case we think there should be a council of leading men of our party at Nagpur in December to confer on our future action, for in view of the bureaucratic campaign & the danger of a retrograde step on the part of the Congress the times are critical for the Nationalist movement and concerted action is imperative.
Draft of the Opening of "In Praise of Honest John" (see pages 751 54)
The onslaught of the bureaucracy on the Nationalists of Bengal has to a certain extent found the
There is no more common question on men's lips nowadays than the question which is naturally suggested by our apparent inability to answer the attacks of a bureaucracy armed with all the weapons of the law and not overscrupulous as to their use, the question "What shall we do?" The bureaucracy is determined
Page – 1125 to crush the movement. It has no qualms, no scruples; for has not Mr. Morley, the great Radical philosopher, justified anything . and everything they may do by the immortal dictum that the eternal principles which apply to Britain or Ireland or Canada are not eternal & need not exist in India? The analogy of the fur coat need not stop with political conduct, it may be extended to moral conduct. For
Mr. John Morley is a very great man, a very remarkable and . exceptional man. I have been reading his Arbroath speech again and my admiration for him has risen to boiling point, so that I am at last obliged to let it bubble over into the columns of the Bande Mataram. Mr. Morley differs from ordinary mortals in three . very important respects; first, he is a literary man; secondly, he is a philosopher, thirdly he is a politician. This would not matter much if he kept his literature, philosophy & politics apart; but he doesn't. He is a literary philosopher or a philosophic litterateur; better than this he is a literary philosopher-politician. This is a superlative combination; God cannot better it & the devil does not want to. For if an ordinary man steals, he steals and no more bones are made about it; he gets caught and is sent to prison, or he is not and goes on his way rejoicing; in either case the matter is a simple one without any artistic possibilities; but if a literary philosopher steals, he steals on the basis of the great & eternal verities and in the choicest and most poetical English. An ordinary man may be illogical and silly and everybody realizes that he is illogical and silly. But the philosopher is logically illogical and talks nonsense according to the strictest rules of philosophical reasoning, and the literary man will be brilliantly foolish and illogically convincing. An ordinary man may turn his back on his principles and he will be called a turncoat, or break all the commandments and be punished by the law & society, unless, of course, he is a millionaire or a member of the ruling race in India— but the literary philosopher will reconcile his principles and his conduct by an appeal to a fur-coat or a syllogism from a pair of Northampton boots. He will abrogate all the ten commandments on the strength of a solar topi.
Page – 1126 A politician again will lie and people will perceive it and take it as a matter of course; but a literary philosopher politician will easily prove to you that when he is most a liar, then he is most truthful and when he is juggling most cynically with truth & principle, then he most deserves the name of Honest John; and he will do it in such well turned periods that one must have a very bad ear for the rhythm of sentences to quarrel with his logic. Oh yes, a literary philosopher politician is the choicest work of Heaven, when he is not the most splendid instrument in the hands of the Prince of Darkness. For the Prince of Darkness is not only a gentlemen, as Shakespeare discovered, but a gentlemen of artistic perceptions who knows a fine and carefully-worked tool when he sees it and loves to handle it with the best dexterity and grace of which he is capable.
There are other reasons for which I admire Mr. John Morley. . I admire him for what he has done not only for the way in which he has done it. It is true he is not so great a man as his master Gladstone, who was the biggest opportunist and most adroit political gambler democracy has till now engendered and yet persuaded the world that he was an enthusiast and a man of high religious feeling and principle. But Gladstone was a genius and his old henchman is only a man of talent. Still Mr. . Morley has done the best of which he is capable and that is by no means a poor best. He has served the devil in the name of God with signal success on two occasions. The first was when he championed the cause of the financiers in Egypt, the men who gamble with the destinies of nations, who make money out of the groans of the people and coin into gold the blood of patriots and the tears of widows & when, abusing his position as an influential journalist, he lied to the British public about Arabi and urged on Gladstone to crush the movement of democratic and humanitarian Nationalism in Egypt, that movement in which all that is noble, humane and gracious in Islam sought to find fulfilment and a small field on earth for the fine flowering of a new Mahomedan civilisation. The second is now when he is trying in the sordid interests of British capital to crush the
Page – 1127 resurgent life of India and baffle the attempt of the children of Vedanta to recover their own country for the development of a revivified Indian civilisation. The two foulest crimes against the future of humanity which any statesman in recent times could possibly have committed have been engineered under the name and by the advocacy of Mr. John Morley. Truly, Satan knows his . own and sees to it that they do not their great work negligently.
Mr. Morley is a great bookman, a great democrat, a great exponent of principles. No man better fitted than he to prove that when great human movements are being suppressed by the sword and the prison, it is done in the interests of humanity; that when a people struggling to live is trampled down by repression, pushed back by the use of the Goorkha and the hooligan, the warder's lash & the whipping post into the hell of misery & famine & starvation, of insult & ignominy & bondage from which it dared to hope for an escape, the motive of the oppressor finds its root in a very agony of conscientiousness, and it is with a sobbing & bleeding heart that he presses his heel on the people's throat for their own good; that the ruthless exploitation and starvation of a country by foreign leeches is one of the best services that can be done to mankind; the international crimes of the great captains of finance a work of civilisation and the brutal & selfish immolation of nations to Mammon an acceptable offering on the altar of the indwelling God in humanity. But these things have been said & done before; they are the usual & blasphemous cant of nineteenth-century devil-worship formulated when Commerce began to take the place once nominally allowed to Christ and the ledger became Europe's Bible. Mr. Morley does it with more authority than others, but his . own particular original faculty lies in the direction we indicated when we drew the distinction between the ordinary man & the extraordinary Morley. What he has done has been, after all, largely on the initiative of others; what he has said about it, is his own, and nothing more his own than the admirably brilliant & inconsequential phrases in which he has justified wickedness to an admiring nation.
Page – 1128 Incomplete Draft of an Unpublished Article
It is always useful to inquire into the inner psychology of common & vulgar types. Their very crudeness and coarseness is an advantage, because we see in them in the rough and laid bare to a surface analysis the secret motives which in the higher evolutions of the type are too self-conscious & self-concealing to be easily detected. It is not easy to detect at first the common Britishness, if we may be allowed the word, of two men so different, at such opposite poles of human evolution as Mr. John Morley, the . litterateur, politician, philosopher & fine perfection of the most serious & sober British culture, and the vulgar Newmaniac, the loud, ranting, blustering, impudently lying Yahoo of Hare Street. And yet it is by understanding the Newmaniac that we shall best understand not only John Morley but his whole race and understand too that the policy which Morley accepted from the first to the wonder & dismay of his Indian worshippers, was the only policy he or any other Englishman could have accepted. It is the common Briton in each which forms the bond of sympathy between the Newmaniac & Mr. John Morley and makes them . think so wonderfully alike. That is the only answer which we can give to the question why Englishmen professing to be just, beneficent & all that is noble & unique, have so readily accepted a mingled policy of brutal repression and false conciliation in India— because it is the nature of the beast. The Britisher may wish to be or at least to seem just, noble, generous, humane, beneficent; but what is the use? "To their nature all things at the last return, and what shall coercing it avail?"
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